A. Adjective
clause (relative clause)
“Adjective
clause” is a clause that functions as
properties clause, namely clause stating adau nouns pronouns. It is
possible to combine the following two sentences to form one sentence containing
an adjective clause.
1. Requirements
b. Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].
c. Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What
kind? How many? or Which one?
2. Patterns
relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb
relative pronoun as subject + verb
Avoid writing a sentence fragment.
An adjective clause
does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as a sentence. To avoid writing a fragment, you must connect each adjective
clause to a main clause.
Punctuate an adjective clause correctly.
Punctuating adjective
clauses can be tricky. For each sentence, you will have to decide if the adjective
clause is essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly.
Essential clauses do not require commas. An adjective
clause is essential when you need the information it provides. Look at this
example:
The vegetables that people leave uneaten are
often the most nutritious.
Vegetables is nonspecific. To know which
ones we are talking about, we must have the information in the adjective
clause. Thus, the adjective clause is essential and requires no commas.
If, however, we
eliminate vegetables and choose a more specific noun instead, the adjective
clause becomes nonessential and does require commas to separate it from
the rest of the sentence. Read this revision:
Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is
very nutritious.
3. Example :
A.
Relative Adverb ‘where’
‘relative
adverb’ where replaces place.
1.
a) I was born in a small village. The
village has become a town now.
b)The village… has become a town now.
Where I was born
(The village where I was born has become a town now.)
(1)
‘relative adverb’ where can be replaced with
‘in which’.
(2)
‘relative adverb’ where as objek dari
adjective clause can be ommited.
Contoh : 1. I will never
forget the place (where) I met you.
(‘where’ can be ommited, can be
replaced with that.)
B. Relative adverb ‘When’
‘relative adverb’ when replace time.
Contoh
: 1. a) This is May. They will get
married in May.
b)
This is month when/in which they will get married.
1) We can say:
a) I still remember
the day that she celebrated her birthday.
b) I still
remember the day when she celebrated her birthday.
c) I still remember
the day on which she celebrated her birthday.
d) I still
remember the day she celebrated her birthday.
2) ‘that’, when, on which, in which are optional.
3) ‘when’ cn be replaced with in which, on which or that.
C. Relative adverb ‘why’ replaces reason.
Example : 1. a)
Why did you do this? I did this to get some money.
b)
(The reason) why I did this was to get
some money.
1)
‘the reason’ in
parentheses in the above sentence can be omitted.
2)
‘why’ can also be
omitted the following sentence.
a)
That is the reason (why) I didn’t come.
b)
The reason (why) I did this was to get some
money.
3)
‘why’ can also be
replaced with That. So, we can
also say:
a)
That is the reason that I didn’t come.
b)
The reason that I did this was to get some
money.
4)
If That used to
replace the why, we must use the reason.
B.
Relative
pronoun
A relative pronoun is
a pronoun that marks a relative clause within a larger sentence. It is called a relative pronoun because it relates the relative
(and hence subordinate) clause to the noun that it modifies.
In English, the relative pronouns are: who, whom, whose, whoever, whosoever, whomever, which, what, whatever,
and, in some treatments, that.
A relative pronoun links two clauses
into a single complex clause. It is similar in function to a
subordinating conjunction. Unlike a conjunction, however, a relative pronoun stands in
place of a noun. Compare:
(1) This is a house.
Jack built this house.
(2) This is the house that
Jack built.
Sentence (2) consists of two clauses, a
main clause (This is the house) and a relative clause (that Jack
built). The word that is a relative pronoun in some
analyses.[1] Within the relative clause, the
relative pronoun stands for the noun phrase it references in the main clause
(its antecedent), and is one of the arguments of the verb in the relative
clause. In the example, the argument is the house, the direct
object of built.
Other arguments can be relativised
using relative pronouns:
Subject: Hunter is the boy who
kissed Jessica.
Indirect object: Hunter is the
boy to whom Jessica gave a gift.
Adpositional complement: Jack
built the house in which I now live. (similarly with
prepositions and prepositional phrases in general, for example These
are the walls in between which Jack ran.)
Possessor: Jack is the boy whose
friend built my house.
In some languages, such as German and Latin, which have gender, number, and noun declensions, the relative pronoun agrees with its
antecedent in gender and number, while its caseindicates its relationship with the verb in the relative clause.
In some other languages, the relative pronoun is an invariable word.
The words used as relative pronouns are
often words which originally had other functions: for example, the
English which is also an interrogative word. This suggests that relative pronouns might be a fairly late
development in many languages. Some languages, such as Welsh, do not have relative pronouns.
In English and German, different
pronouns are sometimes used if the antecedent is a human being, as opposed to a
non-human or an inanimate object (as in who/that).
(5) This is a bank. This
bank accepted my identification.
(6) She is a bank
teller. She helped us open an account.
With the relative pronouns, sentences
(5) and (6) would read like this:
(7) This is the bank that
accepted my identification.
(8) She is the bank teller who
helped us open an account.
In sentences (7) and (8), the
words that and who are the relative pronouns.
The word that is used because the bank is a thing; the
word who is used because "she" is a person.
In some languages with relative
clauses, such as Mandarin Chinese, there are no relative pronouns. In English, the relative pronoun may be optionally omitted from
a restrictive relative clause — that is, one which contributes to establishing
the identity of the antecedent — if the relative pronoun would serve as the
object of the verb or of a stranded preposition in the relative clause (as in This is the car I
bought = This is the car that I bought or This
is the car you heard of = This is the car of which you heard).
D. Relative pronoun as a subject in
adjective clause
2.
a) I know the man. He
works at E plus.
‘he’= the man = subject or the verb ‘works’
('He' is replaced with the who and is placed right after
the man)
b) I know the man who works at E plus.
3.
a) I saw the book. It
was on the table.
It
= the book = subject of the verb ‘was’
b) I saw the book which was on the table.
Explanation:
In the example above, there are two sentences. In the second sentence there are two words
That mean the same thing, namely the man and he. We can combine these two sentences by
using the relative pronoun 'who'. We
change the subject of the sentence He works at E plus the adjective clause 'Who
works at E plus'. WHO works at E
clause describes a noun plus the man and placed after 'the man'
Note the position of adjective clause below.
1.
I know the man…
That/who works at E plus = adjective
clause
2.
I saw the book…
That/which was on the table=adjective clause
|
Additional
example :
(a)
I like the book. It is about the history of China.
I like the book which
isabout the history of China.
(b)
I remember the car. The car is expensive.
I remember the car
which is expensive.
(c)
I understand the lesson. The lesson is difficult.
I understand the
lesson that is difficult
E. Relative pronoun as object in adjective
clause
1. a) The
man talked to Teddy. I saw him.
Him
= the man = object of the verb ‘saw’
(‘him’ is replaced with That / who / Whom and placed just after
the man.)
b) The man (that/who/whom) I saw talked to Teddy.
(Pria
yang saya lihat berbicara dengan Teddy.)
2.
a) The
book describes the temple. I visited it.
It
= the temple = object of the verb ‘visited’
(‘it’
diganti dengan that/which dan ditempatkan tepat sesudah the temple)
b) The book describes the temple (that/which) I
visited.
(Buku
itu menggambarkan kuil yang saya kunjungi.)
Explanation:
We see the sentence (1) a)
above. There are two sentences. In the second sentence there are two
words mean the same thing, namely the man and him. 'Him' in the second sentence I saw
him, we replace the relative pronoun 'that' or who or Whom so I saw him turn
into That / who / Whom I saw. Then
That / who / Whom I saw is placed right after the man in the sentence The man
talked to Teddy.
Note the position of adjective clause below.
1.
The man…talked to Teddy.
(that/who/whom)
I saw = adjective clause
2.
The book describes the temple…
(that/which)
I visited. = adjective clause
Additional
example:
a)
He met the girl. The man was talking to her.
He met the girl (that/who/whom) the man
was talking to.
b)
I read the book. You gave me the book.
I read the book (that/which) you gave
me.
***
(a) ‘relative pronoun’ (that/who/which) as the object on top can be removed(optional).
(b) Nouns as objects in the adjective clause can only be replaced with the relativepronoun 'that / the which' to replace the objects and That / who to replace people.
(c) The noun in main sentence does not affect anything on the adjective clause.We still have to put the adjective after the noun clause precisely described. In theexample above
(that / who / Whom) is placed right after I saw the man and (that / the which) is placed right after I visited the temple.
(that / who / Whom) is placed right after I saw the man and (that / the which) is placed right after I visited the temple.
(d) After the prepositions we always use Whom to replace people.
(e) 'Whom' is rarely used in the defining clause. In defining That clause usually weuse the / who or do not use both.
(f) As a relative pronoun that replaces the object, Whom is used in non-defining clause.
F. Relative
Pronoun ‘whose’
‘Relative pronoun’ whose is
used to replace the possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, Their, our)
and placed in front of the noun.
Examples of the relative pronoun 'Whose' as the subject:
1.
a) The
man has gone home. His friends are here.
(‘his
friends’ replaced by whose friends and placed
just after the man)
b)
The man whose friends are here has gone home.
Examples
of the relative pronoun 'Whose' as an object:
2.
a) I am
waiting for the student. I borrowed his book.
(‘his
book’ is replaced by whose book and placed
right after the student.)
b) I am waiting for the student whose book I borrowed.
Note
the position of adjective clause below.
1.
The man…has gone home.
Whose friends are here = adjective
clause
2.
I am waiting for the student…
Whose
book I borrowed = adjective clause
Additional example :
a)
The women sells fruit. Her hands
are dirty.
The women
whose hands are dirty sells fruit.
b)
The singer was tired. The fans wanted
to see her show.
The
singer whose show the fans wanted to see was tired.
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